![]() No direct registration of internal migration has been undertaken. Arrivals across land borders were not regularly counted until 1906, while alien departures were only reported from 1907 to 1957. For international migration, statistics have been collected at major ports of entry to the United States since 1819. By the 2000s, the nation still lacked comprehensive registration of marriages and divorces. Both areas were only completed in 1933 with the admission of Texas. A parallel Birth Registration Area was only set up in 1915 with ten states (the six New England states, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Minnesota) and the District of Columbia, again with the criterion of at least 90 percent registration completeness. A federal Death Registration Area was created in 1900 with ten states (the six New England States, New York, New Jersey, Indiana, and Michigan) and the District of Columbia, all of which were deemed to have had at least 90 percent completeness. Massachusetts was the first to institute statewide vital registration in 1842. Some cities ( New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New Orleans) were already registering deaths by the early nineteenth century. Un-like census enumeration, registration of births, deaths, and marriages was left to state and local governments. The study of vital processes has been more difficult. Taken decennially in years ending in zero, but the economic and government censuses are taken more frequently. Later, censuses of governments were undertaken. Beginning in the late 1920s, wholesale, retail, and service establishments were also enumerated. Mining and minerals were usually counted along with manufactures. From the 1840 census onward, censuses of manufactures and agriculture have been taken regularly. ![]() In 1820, a preliminary effort was made at an economic census of manufactures. In 1850, the census became nominal that is, every person was enumerated separately by name, instead of a summary of information by household (as had been done for the censuses of 1790 to 1840). From a very modest enumeration of heads of households with only a few questions in 1790, the census grew into a large-scale operation. The Constitution specified a census every ten years for apportionment of the federal House of Representatives. The United States was the first nation to have mandated regular census enumerations. The demographic history of the United States can readily be divided into two segments based on the availability of "modern" demographic data, mainly before and after 1790, the date of the first federal census. These two sources furnish the basis for the statistical underpinnings of this article. It focuses on enumerations (censuses), which take stock of a population at a moment in time, and also flows of vital events-births, deaths, marriages, and migratory movements. Demography is the study of the growth, structure, and movement of human populations.
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